Building cellar
BUILD CELLAR
INTRODUCTION
Intensive development of gardening and garden associations in our country, revived interest in the construction of cellars and glaciers, which are widely used in the recent past to snort agricultural products.
And this attitude to the traditional cellars and glaciers is quite justified. although one time it seemed that the ph days are numbered and they are about to be superseded by user-friendly, compact electric refrigerators.
Judge for yourself - in the cellar with a good waterproofing and skillfully selected ventilation securely maintained a constant temperature-humidity regime, that is, created favorable conditions for the storage of products, resulting in long ve spoiled, do not shrink 0 not lose inherent taste and smell.
Always the master-craftsmen, umeyushie build a good cellar, enjoyed great respect among the people, along with the masters-kolodeznikami and Pechnikov.
At the gardens are usually built of traditional cellars, authorized the construction norms and regulations (SNIP), brick, concrete, timber, and just digging, construction of which the power of any gardener.
At issue are proposals and recommendations on the structure of core cellars, but the main purpose of these proposals and recommendations - only the basis for creativity in each case.
TYPES
AND CONSTRUCTION OF CELLAR
According to the device cellar is divided into three versions: completely buried, poluzaglublennye and surface.
Basically, the modification of the cellar determine hydrogeological conditions of the site where it is to build a cellar.
By choosing the same design of the cellar, with the availability of space on the site requirements for storage capacity storage, the availability of certain building materials.
Where lay the cellar. Cellar best suit on the hill, and dry place. because in this case considerably simplified waterproofing work, and the waterproofing is a reliable and durable. Preferably, the groundwater does not reach the base (bottom) in cellars 0.5 m. If the base station, pereuvlazhnenny under the cellar making sand-gravel podsypku (cushion) to «remove» from the groundwater.
The level of groundwater is determined by an ox spring. when it is the highest, and fall during prolonged rain on water level in nearby wells, pits, exploration wells.
In areas where shallow groundwater occur normally lush vegetation, bright, and there are swampy hygrophilous plants: forget, hvoschi, sorrel horse, coltsfoot. reed, sedge, royatsya mosquitoes and midge.
In the old days, to determine at what depth of ground water is located, enjoyed such a reception. Klokov skim, washed and dried wool placed on the land cleared of sod and the top-placed svezhesnesennoe egg. All this lay clay pots or pans, and then covered turf. If the morning after sunrise, wool and eggs under a bushel were covered with dew, the water is near. When the egg was dry and the wet wool - water is deep enough. If the moisture under the state did not appear at all - water is very deep or not at all.
Another way to determine the depth of groundwater was that equal parts of sulfur, quicklime (pushonki) and copper sulfate (total 800 - 900 g) are mixed and the spacecraft ¬ dut to neglazurovanny pot Receptacle closed neglazurovan term cover (or knotted fabric in two layers ) and the earth to a depth of 0.5 - 0.7 m through the night separated the pot and weighed. If the contents potyazhelelo more than 10%, believe that the water in the shallow ground. Naturally, the greater the gain in weight, the closer the water.
During the construction of cellars and deep repositories, it is important to know the properties of the main types of soil on which they are constructed. If poor soil conditions are not corrected at the beginning of construction, then a few years may cause serious problems.
Sandy soil - loose friable rock with a particle size of 0.05 - 2 mm, between which there are air pockets. It consists of grains of minerals, rocks, contains pylevatye (size 0.05 - 0.005 mm) and clay (smaller than 0005 mm) Coefficient of filtration neschanogo soil more than 1 m / day.
The construction of a cellar used for priming the device ground.
Supes includes from 3 to 10% clay particles. There supes heavy (6 - 10% clay particles) and light (3 - 6%). Sand particles in the su ¬ pesi more than pylevatyh, among them the de ¬ grain dia ¬ meters of 0.25 to 2.2 mm. Supes - soil is loose. When lamination is slightly damp soo bring between palms formed embryonic hole.
Loam contains from 10 to 30% clay particles. Depending on the ratio of sand and clay loam are divided into light and heavy. If there are 20 - 30% of clay particles is called a heavy clay loam. Out of cord, roll in the palms of wet heavy loam can form a ring. Cord of a light loam, with the winding down of cola burst.
Clayey soil contains more than 50% physical clay particles with diameter less than 0.01 mm. Because of the high plasticity clay swell strongly and weakly transmits itself through the water, so clay is used for creating locks and screens. Clayey soil wet sticky, dry - hard.
Peat - Soil drilling-black. an accumulation of plant residues of varying degrees of decomposition (in excessively moist environment, with lack of oxygen) with an admixture of large quantities of mineral (sand, clay), limestone and other substances.
The thermal conductivity of dry peat in 1.7 times less than the thermal conductivity of the sand and in 1,2 times - clay. In doing so, the thermal conductivity of peat, saturated with water, 4 times higher than that of dry peat.
Peat has a good tank ¬ teritsidnymi properties, large and vlagoemkostyo gazopo-glotitelyyuy ability.
Peat is often used for the alternation of potatoes and root crops, stored in the storehouses, wooden crates and other containers. Intersperse peat, tubers and roots retain a good appearance. Peat is recommended for bunding cellars and Burt.
Quicksand - saturated with water or incoherent malosvyazny soil (fine-grained sand, supes, Roger loam), shown at the opening of fluid properties.
Many types of soil (wet supesi, loam and clay), with negative temperatures frozen. increasing the amount of swap up to 10% (puchatsya), which leads to the emergence in the field of normal forces. attached to the underside of the basement cellar, and the tangential force directed along the vertical plane. Studies show that as a result of the impact forces otih malonagruzhennye piled foundations for the 5 - 10 years could rise to 80 - 90 cm
To reduce the expense of construc-enforcement structures, damage windy soils, such soils replace nepuchinistymi (sand).
To reduce the impact on the foundations cellars tangential forces that arise when windy soil, foundations are usually coat hot bitumen, silicon organic enamels brands KO-198, CR-174, OTP-1164 In the absence of enamel can be used natural or polunaturalnuyu varnish.
Ground-based repository, or labaz vegetable. This land is suitable for storage facilities at the base and pereuvlazhnennyh places where dry cellar is difficult to build because of high groundwater. Homeland vegetable labaza feel Petersburg, and is sponsored by the Petersburg Ogorodnikov who created this incredibly simple, remarkably shrewd and appropriate repository, is well adapted to soil and climatic conditions of St. Petersburg and in general the whole north-west Russia.
From traditional cellars labazy distinct lack of warm floors (ceiling), because their construction is cheaper. Construction labaza frame of thin oshkurennyh log-podtovarnika. Logs vkapyvayutsya one end into the ground about half a meter, and the upper ends are connected in a longitudinal design of the long running poles. Lower shock timber frame, as well as binding the logs, making contact with the ground. pre promazyvayutsya hot bitumen or burnt. Practice has been determined that it will extend the term of their service in approximately 1.5-fold compared to untreated wood. Timber, used, as well as the dismantling of old houses are unsuitable because they are probably infected by spores of fungi that destroy wood. Not suitable for construction and dead wood!
Crate on the slope of the roof batten, solid, zastlannaya surface has the roofing (1 - 2 layers).
Prepared construction obvalovyvaetsya earth from the ground up (at the base thickness of 0.6 m above the ground - 0.4 m). Earth is better to take the peat, as it conducts heat poorly. On top of bunding is desirable to cover the sod or sow grass plates.
Height labaza in the middle of no more than 2m - can promerznut stored vegetables. In general, to get a ¬ zemistaya type tent.
One of the sides built sew two rows of boards with a gasket between the layer of roofing that labaz protect from drafts. In the same low end set warmed door - hole and covered vestibule for extra protection.
Width labaza typically 3.3 - 3.5 m, length 3.5 - 5 meters or more. On the one hand passage (its width is 0.6 - 0.7 m) arranged grid-bin, on the other - dodki.
For labaza choose dry place, if possible at the sandy subsoil, which allows the penetration of built into the ground. Embedded storage better heated the soil warm, and it establishes a more stable mode of storage of potatoes and vegetables. If the level of groundwater parish does not allow penetration, it is designed hranilisha ground - right on the ground or in the artificial sand-gravel podsypkah. In all cases, around the warehouse dig shallow drainage ditch, protecting it from snow, rain and surface water.
In the roof near the ridge arranged extract - a wooden box with the vent control valve. If extended storage, then make two ventilation ducts.
In addition to the permanent capital base labazami also prefabricated collapsible labazy, which are built annually in the fall and spring on the deals. They are convenient to the fact that simplified annual desinfection repository.
Construction labazov allows it to keep a constant temperature of plus 2 - 3, and the presence of the door makes it possible to penetrate the storage of winter, take the vegetables and to monitor their condition.
Ground cellar. For individual developers and gardeners amateur widespread small cellar in a winterized wooden boxes, which are called mini-cellars. Construction them does not require a large area, which is very important, when at the village yard or garden area, each piece of land shortage and distributed in advance. In addition, the cellar is convenient to arrange such a high level of groundwater. The size of the cellar on the needs of gardeners.
By the construction of a mini-cellar is best to begin in mid-summer when the ground water level the lowest. Before cure all the necessary building blocks to later to avoid interruptions in the work.
At this place (better if it elevated and dry), remove the vegetation layer and make earthen excavation at a depth of 20 - 50 cm (chosen primer can be used for outdoor bunding cellar.) Establishment of an earth excavation trambuyut and 7 - 10 cm fall asleep draining material: coarse sand, fine gravel, screened brick fight, haydite. Such a drainage bag - reliable guarantee that the cellar does not appear wet. Then, on the drainage layer material put mint clay (clay dough) with thickness 15 - 20 cm, which accurately, with minimal clearance utaplivayut flat red clay bricks. Brick floor not progryzayut mice and rats, it is hygienic to use. At the 1 m 2 of floor should be 32 bricks and 0,15 - 0,2 m 3 of clay dough.
The side wall of an earth excavation also enhance red bricks laid on edge (in 1 / 4 brick) on clay - calcimine of 1:0,3:3 (1 volume part - clay dough; 0.3 - lime paste, 3 - sand). Steppes out above the ground on 25 - 30 cm
Dual wall and ceiling of the cellar together thick boards (40 - 50 mm) and placed between the heat-insulating material: Keramzit fines, screened small and brick chippings, sawdust, wood moss, oak leaves.
Mineral wool is undesirable, because over time it is compacted and almost loses its insulating properties. If sawdust is used for insulation, they must be treated with an antiseptic (10% by the aqueous solution of copper or iron sulfate) or mixed with lime - pushonkoy in a ratio of 1: 9). with 1 part (by weight) of lime-pushonka and 9 - sawdust. As the foam insulation can be applied, which lists in joints carefully patch sackcloth or fabric strips impregnated with PVA glue or a conventional water-based paints.
The walls of the cellar to prevent produvaemosti outside edge orgalitom, kraft paper, pergaminom, Ruberoid. Esl walls and cellars will obvalovyvatsya (for example, in areas with harsh climate), they should be gidroizolirovat asphalt coating on the roofing to protect it from dirt moisture.
The end of the cellar like a manhole (manhole), which has two doors - external and internal (between the winter lay insulation: plastic bags, pillows with some insulating material). In the same wall provide ventilation pipe (clay fortochki) size of about 12X12 cm, which is frequently outside the patch grid. Before entering suit lightweight indoor vestibule of a building material. Above the cellar covered with light - one-, dvuhskatnoy of the roof slab, roofing, asbotsementnogo slate and other roofing material.
Around the cellar at a distance of 1 - 2 m from the walls make the drainage ditch depth of 0.5 - 0.6 meters in perimeter walls like glinoschebenochnuyu otmostku up to 1 m, with a gradient of 1:10 from the cellar.
Ground cellar with bunding. The advantage of ground cellars obvious - they can be constructed in pereuvlazhnennyh field and wet soils, but also for your cellar is required nedefitsitnye local materials.
If the ground is an ox in the earth’s surface, the cellar can be placed on an artificial podsypku. To ensure a constant temperature and humidity regime is recommended obvalovat his land. The walls of the cellar with a landslide, deftly made from logs or from netolstyh oshkurennogo thick slab (plate) with a carefully pritesannymi edges. (Timber used in the construction of the cellar, it is necessary antiseptirovat.) Gaps best prokonopatit moss - it does not decay and has a good ability poglotat smell. The exterior walls promazyvayut twice as hot bitumen and on to the suit (or a clean bitumen) and papered roofing to protect against capillary moisture and dirt. Ceiling floor obkladyvayut layer of clay mixed with straw, a thickness of 5 cm and covered with polyethylene or have top-roofing. Paul Brick, vylozhenny for child ¬ ro in «tree» (expense bricks - 64 pcs. 1 m2 floor space ).